This subject discusses critically the history of Muslim societies and civilizations from the time of the death of Prophet Muhammad to the end of the Caliphate era. The periods of Rightly Guided Caliphs, the Umayyad Empire, the Abbasid Empire, the Ottoman Caliphate and other major sultanates will be studied. There will be particular focus on the major historic events as well as the intellectual, economic, social and cultural aspects of the Islamic civilizations. The Muslim contribution to science and civilization will be evaluated critically. The decline of the Muslim world will also be covered.